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Machine Identifiers

Definition: Location derived by detecting machine identifiers and comparing them with a georeferenced lookup table.

Examples:

  • Wi-Fi SSIDs and BSSIDs
  • Bluetooth MAC addresses
  • Cell tower IDs
  • IP addresses / ASNs
  • DePIN beacons (e.g., Helium)

Derivation method: Observed identifiers → cross-reference against a known dataset → location estimate.

Risks: Identifiers can be cloned or replayed. Databases may be stale or incomplete.